ADVISE: Symbolism and External Knowledge for Decoding Advertisements

In order to convey the most content in their limited space, advertisements embed references to outside knowledge via symbolism. For example, a motorcycle stands for adventure (a positive property the ad wants associated with the product being sold), and a gun stands for danger (a negative property to dissuade viewers from undesirable behaviors). We show how to use symbolic references to better understand the meaning of an ad. We further show how anchoring ad understanding in general-purpose object recognition and image captioning improves results. We formulate the ad understanding task as matching the ad image to human-generated statements that describe the action that the ad prompts, and the rationale it provides for taking this action. Our proposed method outperforms the state of the art on this task, and on an alternative formulation of question-answering on ads. We show additional applications of our learned representations for matching ads to slogans, and clustering ads according to their topic, without extra training.Comment: To appear, Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV

Dual and opposing roles of primary cilia in medulloblastoma development.

Recent work has shown that primary cilia are essential for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during mammalian development. It is also known that aberrant Hh signaling can lead to cancer, but the role of primary cilia in oncogenesis is not known. Cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs) can give rise to medulloblastomas, the most common malignant brain tumor in children. The primary cilium and Hh signaling are required for GNP proliferation. We asked whether primary cilia in GNPs have a role in medulloblastoma growth in mice. Genetic ablation of primary cilia blocked medulloblastoma formation when this tumor was driven by a constitutively active Smoothened protein (Smo), an upstream activator of Hh signaling. In contrast, removal of cilia was required for medulloblastoma growth by a constitutively active glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger-2 (GLI2), a downstream transcription factor. Thus, primary cilia are either required for or inhibit medulloblastoma formation, depending on the initiating oncogenic event. Remarkably, the presence or absence of cilia was associated with specific variants of human medulloblastomas; primary cilia were found in medulloblastomas with activation in HH or WNT signaling but not in most medulloblastomas in other distinct molecular subgroups. Primary cilia could serve as a diagnostic tool and provide new insights into the mechanism of tumorigenesis

The Bell Laboratories (13)CO Survey: Longitude-Velocity Maps

A survey is presented of the Galactic plane in the J=1-0 transition of (13)CO. About 73,000 spectra were obtained with the 7 m telescope at Bell Laboratories over a ten-year period. The coverage of survey is (l, b) = (-5 to 117, -1 to +1), or 244 square degrees, with a grid spacing of 3' for |b| < 0.5, and a grid spacing of 6' for |b| > 0.5. The data presented here have been resampled onto a 3' grid. For 0.68 km/s channels, the rms noise level of the survey is 0.1 K on the $T_R^*$ scale. The raw data have been transformed into FITS format, and all the reduction processes, such as correcting for emission in the reference positions, baseline removal and interpolation were conducted within IRAF using the FCRAO task package and additional programs. The reduced data are presented here in the form of longitude-velocity color maps at each latitude. These data allow identification and classification of molecular clouds with masses in excess of ~ 1,000 solar masses throughout the first quadrant of the Galaxy. Spiral structure is manifested by the locations of the largest and brightest molecular clouds.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, ApJS submitted (out of 41 frames of Figure4, only one is included becaue of size limit

GaP/GaNP Heterojunctions for Efficient Solar‐Driven Water Oxidation

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137529/1/smll201603574_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137529/2/smll201603574.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137529/3/smll201603574-sup-0001-S1.pd

The transcriptome of the bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus reveals adaptations of the longest-lived mammal

Mammals vary dramatically in lifespan, by at least two-orders of magnitude, but the molecular basis for this difference remains largely unknown. The bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus is the longest-lived mammal known, with an estimated maximal lifespan in excess of two hundred years. It is also one of the two largest animals and the most cold-adapted baleen whale species. Here, we report the first genome-wide gene expression analyses of the bowhead whale, based on the de novo assembly of its transcriptome. Bowhead whale or cetacean-specific changes in gene expression were identified in the liver, kidney and heart, and complemented with analyses of positively selected genes. Changes associated with altered insulin signaling and other gene expression patterns could help explain the remarkable longevity of bowhead whales as well as their adaptation to a lipid-rich diet. The data also reveal parallels in candidate longevity adaptations of the bowhead whale, naked mole rat and Brandt's bat. The bowhead whale transcriptome is a valuable resource for the study of this remarkable animal, including the evolution of longevity and its important correlates such as resistance to cancer and other diseases

Air Bubble Size and Its Transition in a Horizontal Tube Produced by Venturi-Nozzle Bubble Generator

This paper investigates the air bubble size and its transition in a horizontal tube of 700 mm. The tube was assembled with a venturi-nozzle bubble generator. Air and water flow-rates vary in the present study. The data collection mainly used high-speed camera to capture the bubbles at different distances along the horizontal tube at water flow-rates (Qw) of 120-170 litre per min (LPM) and air flow-rates (Qa) of 2-10 LPM. MATLAB was used in image processing for evaluating the bubble size. The data interpretation used YW dimensionless parameter in representing the height of the bubbles’ vertical rise in the horizontal tube. The bubble size along the horizontal tube was characterized by the Weber number as well. The type of two-phase (water-air bubbles) flow along the horizontal tube from the venturi-nozzle bubble generator was determined using flow pattern map and Lockhart-Martinelli parameter. The bubble generator produced bubbles in the range of 0.8-3.1 mm at the inlet of horizontal tube. The bubble diameters increased as the bubbles moved horizontally from inlet to outlet of the horizontal tube and this finding was statistically significant. The vertical rise height of bubbles along the horizontal tube at different water and air flow-rates had been quantified and compared. The vertical rise height of bubbles increased axially from 41 % to 89 % from inlet to outlet of the horizontal tube. The bubbles’ vertical rise height increased when either the air flow-rate or water flow-rate is reduced. The mean Weber number increased along the horizontal tube due to an increase in bubble size. The decrease in water flow-rate caused a decrease in the mean Weber number. The Lockhart-Martinelli parameter of the water-air bubbles flow in the horizontal tube was within 0.58-2.94, indicating that it was a multiphase flow. The findings from this study give fundamental insight into bubble dynamics behaviour in its horizontal transition. This study focuses on the size and transition of air bubbles produced by venturi-nozzle bubble generator along a horizontal tube at different water and air flow-rates, unlike previous studies which only investigate the air bubbles inside or near bubble generator. These findings are very useful for practical industrial applications because the exact air bubble size before being used is known

Single-cell analysis reveals regional reprogramming during adaptation to massive small bowel resection in mice

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The small intestine (SI) displays regionality in nutrient and immunological function. Following SI tissue loss (as occurs in short gut syndrome, or SGS), remaining SI must compensate, or adapt ; the capacity of SI epithelium to reprogram its regional identity has not been described. Here, we apply single-cell resolution analyses to characterize molecular changes underpinning adaptation to SGS. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on epithelial cells isolated from distal SI of mice following 50% proximal small bowel resection (SBR) vs sham surgery. Single-cell profiles were clustered based on transcriptional similarity, reconstructing differentiation events from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) through to mature enterocytes. An unsupervised computational approach to score cell identity was used to quantify changes in regional (proximal vs distal) SI identity, validated using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, western blotting, and RNA-FISH. RESULTS: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection-based clustering and visualization revealed differentiation trajectories from ISCs to mature enterocytes in sham and SBR. Cell identity scoring demonstrated segregation of enterocytes by regional SI identity: SBR enterocytes assumed more mature proximal identities. This was associated with significant upregulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress gene expression, which was validated via orthogonal analyses. Observed upstream transcriptional changes suggest retinoid metabolism and proximal transcription factor Creb3l3 drive proximalization of cell identity in response to SBR. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptation to proximal SBR involves regional reprogramming of ileal enterocytes toward a proximal identity. Interventions bolstering the endogenous reprogramming capacity of SI enterocytes-conceivably by engaging the retinoid metabolism pathway-merit further investigation, as they may increase enteral feeding tolerance, and obviate intestinal failure, in SGS